Ubwoko bwa Crane zo mu cyambu

Intangiriro
Ibyambu ni isoko y'ubuzima bw'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, bikaba ari ahantu heza cyane aho ibicuruzwa byimurirwa hagati y'ubwikorezi bw'ubutaka n'ubwo mu mazi. Mu mutima wa buri cyambu cyuzuyemo abantu benshi hari ibyuma bitandukanye by'ibyambu, intwari zitigeze zivugwa zituma imizigo igenda neza. Izi mashini zikomeye ni zo zikora akazi k'icyambu, zikora ibintu byose kuva ku makontena manini kugeza ku bicuruzwa byoroshye kandi by'agaciro.
Bashinzwe gupakira no gupakurura amato, kohereza ibicuruzwa mu buryo bunoze mu mato no mu kuyavana, no gutuma ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bugenda neza.
Uyu munsi turareba mu buryo bwimbitse ubwoko butandukanye bwa cranes zo ku cyambu, turebere hamwe imiterere yazo yihariye, imikorere yazo, n'uruhare zigira mu gutuma ibyambu byacu bikomeza gukora neza.
Umugongo w'ibyambu: Cranes zo mu cyambu zigendanwa

Gutembera no Guhindura Imiterere
Imashini zigendanwa zo ku cyambu ni urugero rwiza mu mikorere y’icyambu. Zifite amapine cyangwa inzira, izi mashini zishobora kwimurwa byoroshye hirya no hino mu cyambu. Uburyo zigendamo butuma zishobora kugera ku myanya itandukanye yo kuryamamo, amato y’ingano zitandukanye, n’ahantu ho mu cyambu mu buryo bworoshye. Ibi bitandukanye n’imashini zimwe na zimwe zihagaze ahantu hamwe. Zishobora kugendwa ku cyambu, zikagera ahantu hashobora kugorana kugerwaho n’izindi mashini, ndetse zishobora no gukoreshwa mu bice aho gushyiraho ibikorwa remezo bya mashini zihoraho bidashoboka. Uku kuntu imikorere y’imashini igenda yongera cyane imikorere myiza y’ibikorwa by’icyambu, kuko bigabanya igihe umuntu amara ategereje ko mashini iboneka ahantu runaka.
Uburyo bwo Gutwara Imizigo mu buryo Butandukanye
Kimwe mu bintu bitangaje ku miterere y’imashini zigendanwa zo mu cyambu ni ubushobozi bwazo bwo gutwara imizigo itandukanye. Zishobora gushyirwaho ubwoko butandukanye bw’imizigo yo guterura, nk’imizigo ikoreshwa mu gutwara imizigo rusange, ibikoresho byo gufata ibikoresho byinshi nka amakara, ibinyampeke, cyangwa umucanga, n’ibikoresho byihariye byo gukwirakwiza ibikoresho. Uku guhinduka bivuze ko zishobora gutwara ibintu byose kuva ku mashini nini kugeza ku bicuruzwa bito bikoreshwa. Mu cyambu gikorana n’imizigo irimo amakonteyine, imizigo myinshi ikoreshwa mu gutwara imizigo, n’ibicuruzwa byinshi, imashini ikoreshwa mu gutwara imizigo ishobora guhinduranya imirimo yo gutwara imizigo ku buryo bworoshye.
Ibihangange binini: Quayside Container Cranes

Uburebure n'Uburebure bitagira urugero
Imashini zitwara imizigo zo mu gace k’inyanja, zizwi kandi nka cranes zo ku nkengero z’inyanja cyangwa cranes zo mu bwato – kugeza ku nkengero (STS), ni zo mashini zikomeye zo ku cyambu. Ubusanzwe zifite uburebure burebure, zimwe zigera kuri metero 50 cyangwa zirenga. Ikiranga cyane ni icyuma kirekire, gihagaze neza, cyangwa jib, gishobora kwaguka kure cyane hejuru y’ubwato. Uburebure bw’icyuma gishobora kuva kuri metero 30 kugeza kuri 70 cyangwa kirenze muri zimwe mu mashini nini. Uku kugera kure ni ingenzi kuko bituma icyuma kigera ku bikoresho biri inyuma y’ubwato, ndetse no ku bwato bunini bw’ibikoresho.
Imirimo yihuta cyane
Izi cranes zagenewe gukora mu muvuduko mwinshi. Zishobora guterura no kwimura amakontenari vuba hagati y’ubwato n’inkombe. Imashini zigezweho zo mu bwoko bwa quayside container cranes zifite moteri zikomeye na sisitemu zo kugenzura zigezweho zibafasha kugera ku muvuduko mwinshi wo guterura no kugenda. Umuvuduko wo guterura ushobora kuba hagati ya metero 60 na 120 ku munota ku makontenari yuzuye ndetse no kwihuta cyane ku zidafite. Igare ritwara imizigo, ritwara igikoresho cyo guterura ku rukuta, rishobora kandi kugenda ku muvuduko wa metero 200 na 300 ku munota. Uku gukora mu muvuduko mwinshi kugabanya cyane igihe gisabwa cyo gupakira no gupakurura ubwato. Ibikorwa byazo byihuse ni ingenzi kugira ngo bihuze n’ibisabwa mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, kuko byemeza ko amato ashobora guhindurirwa vuba, bigabanura umubyigano w’ibyambu kandi bigatuma ibicuruzwa binyura mu cyambu neza.​
Uburyo bwo gukora neza: Rubber – Taired Gantry Cranes (RTGs)

Inzu yihariye y'Ubusitani
Imashini zitwara imizigo za Rubber – Tared Gantry Cranes, cyangwa RTGs, zagenewe by’umwihariko ibikorwa byo mu busitani bw’ibikoresho. Akamaro kazo kagaragara cyane ni uburyo zigenda. Zishyizwe ku mapine manini ya rubber, izi mashini zishobora kugenda mu busitani bw’ibikoresho nta mpamvu zishingiye ku nzira, bitandukanye n’ubundi bwoko bwa mashini zitwara imizigo. Ubu buryo bworoshye buzifasha kugera ahantu hatandukanye mu busitani byoroshye, zikimenyereza imiterere ihora ihinduka y’ibikoresho bishyizwe hamwe n’ingendo z’ibindi bikoresho byo mu busitani nk’amakamyo atwara imizigo. Zishobora kandi kugenda hirya no hino ku mbogamizi cyangwa gukorera ahantu hadafite umwanya munini, bigatuma ziba nziza ku busitani bufite imiterere igoye cyangwa idahuye. Byongeye kandi, ubushobozi bwazo bwo kugenda impande cyangwa no guhindukira mu mwanya wazo (muri bimwe mu bikoresho bigezweho) biziha amahirwe menshi mu bikorwa bikomeye.
Gukusanya no Kugarura Ingufu​
RTG zikora neza cyane iyo bigeze ku gupakira no gukusanya amakontena. Zishobora gupakira amakontena mu byiciro byinshi, akenshi kugeza ku byiciro 5-7, ibyo bikaba byongera ikoreshwa ry'umwanya uhagaze mu gikari cy'amakontena. Uku gupakira kurambuye byongera cyane ubushobozi bwo kubika amakontena, bigatuma ibyambu bitwara amakontena menshi mu gace gato. Ku bijyanye no gukuramo amakontena, sisitemu yo kugenzura neza ya RTGs ituma abayikora babona vuba kandi neza kontena ikenewe, kabone n'iyo yaba iri mu gikari cy'amakontena. RTGs zigezweho zifite ibintu nk'uburyo bwo kumenya aho amakontena aherereye bwikora na sisitemu yo kugenzura inzira zirwanya kuzunguruka. Uburyo bwo kugenzura kuzunguruka butuma kontena iterurwa cyangwa yimurwa iguma ihamye, bigabanya ibyago byo kugongana no gutuma ingendo zihuta kandi zinoze. Ubushobozi bwazo bwo guterura no kunyura mu buryo bwihuse nabwo bugira uruhare mu gukora neza muri rusange, kuko zishobora kwimura amakontena hagati y'ahantu hatandukanye cyangwa mu makamyo ategereje mu gihe gito.
Imbaraga zo Guhuza n'Ihindagurika: Cranes zireremba​
Imikorere mu Bidukikije Bigoye​
Imashini zirekura amazi, zizwi kandi nka crune ships cyangwa floating derricks, ni ubwoko bwihariye bwa port crane yagenewe gukora ku mazi. Inshingano zabo z'ibanze ni ugukora imirimo yo guterura no gupakira mu bidukikije byo mu mazi, aho cranes gakondo zishingiye ku butaka zidashoboka. Izi cranes zikunze gukoreshwa mu byambu byo gupakira no gupakurura amato, cyane cyane mu gihe ibikorwa remezo byo gupakira ari bike cyangwa iyo utwaye imizigo minini cyangwa iremereye.​
Imwe mu mikoreshereze yabo y'ingenzi ni mu kubaka ibiraro hejuru y'inzira z'amazi. Urugero, mu gihe cyo kubaka ikiraro kinini gishingiye ku mazi, imashini ziremba zikoreshwa mu kuzamura no gushyira ibice binini by'ikiraro, nk'imigozi y'ikiraro na pyloni. Zishobora kugera ahantu nyaho mu mazi aho ibice bigomba gushyirwa, ndetse no mu turere dufite imigezi ikomeye cyangwa amazi maremare. Mu iyubakwa ry'ikiraro cya Hong Kong - Zhuhai - Macau, imashini nini ziremba zagize uruhare runini mu guteranya ibice by'ikiraro, byatwarwaga n'ubwato hanyuma bikazamurwa neza n'imashini ziremba.
Imashini ziremba ku mazi nazo ni ingenzi mu bikorwa byo kurokora ubwato. Iyo ubwato buguye ku butaka, burohama, cyangwa bukeneye gusanwa mu nyanja, imashini ziremba zishobora koherezwa aho ziherereye. Zishobora kuzamura ubwato bwarohamye cyangwa ibice byabwo mu mazi kugira ngo zirokorwe cyangwa zisanwe. Mu gihe ubwato bwarohamye, ubushobozi bukomeye bwo guterura imashini bushobora gukura imizigo y'agaciro, ibikoresho, cyangwa imiterere y'ubwato bwose, bitewe n'ingano yabwo n'ubushobozi bwa imashini. Byongeye kandi, mu nganda za peteroli na gaze, imashini ziremba zikoreshwa mu gushyiraho no kubungabunga imbuga zo mu mazi, guterura ibikoresho biremereye n'ibikoresho binini ku mbuga zo mu nyanja.
Ibiranga Igishushanyo Kidasanzwe​
Igishushanyo mbonera cya cranes zireremba gikozwe neza bitewe n’ibidukikije byo mu mazi. Akenshi zishyirwa ku gice cy’umubiri kiremba, gishobora kuba imiterere nk’ubwato cyangwa ubwato bwigenga. Igice cy’umubiri gitanga ubushobozi bwo kureremba kugira ngo cranes zigume zihamye mu gihe zikora ku mazi. Kugira ngo cranes zireremba zigume zihamye, akenshi ziba zifite umurambararo mugari n’uburemere buke. Ubu buryo bufasha gukumira cranes kugwa, cyane cyane iyo ziterura imizigo iremereye cyangwa zikora mu nyanja zikomeye.​
Imashini zigenda zireremba zifite ibintu bitandukanye kugira ngo zongere imikorere yazo. Zifite uburebure bushobora guhindurwa bitewe n'ubujyakuzimu bw'amazi, uburebure bw'ubwato burimo gusuzumwa, cyangwa ibisabwa n'umushinga w'ubwubatsi. Imashini zigenda zireremba zifite kandi imikorere yo kuzunguruka ya dogere 360, ituma umukozi ashobora gushyira imizigo neza. Ubu bushobozi bwo kuzunguruka ni ingenzi mu bihe aho imashini ikeneye kwimura imizigo kuva ku ruhande rumwe rw'ubwato ijya ku rundi cyangwa kuyishyira ahantu runaka ku nkombe cyangwa ku rundi bwato. Imashini zimwe na zimwe zigenda zireremba zifite kandi sisitemu yo gushyiraho imiterere ihindagurika. Izi sisitemu zikoresha GPS, sensors, na thrusters kugira ngo zigumane aho imashini ihagaze neza mu mazi, ndetse no mu gihe hari umuyaga mwinshi, imigezi, cyangwa imiraba. Ibi byemeza ko ibikorwa byo guterura bishobora gukorwa neza kandi mu mutekano, cyane cyane mu bihe bigoye byo mu mazi.
Umwanzuro​
Mu gusoza, buri bwoko bwa crane ya port - cranes zigendanwa zo ku cyambu, crane za quayside container, crane za rubber - zinaniwe zo ku cyambu, na crane zigendanwa - zifite imiterere n'ibyiza byazo byihariye. Cranes zigendanwa zo ku cyambu zitanga uburyo bwo kugenda budasanzwe kandi bufite imikorere itandukanye, bigatuma zikoreshwa mu mirimo itandukanye yo gutwara imizigo mu bice bitandukanye by'icyambu. Cranes za Quayside container ni zo zikomeye mu gutwara container, zifite uburebure burebure, uburebure bwazo bwagutse, n'ibikorwa byihuse cyane, bikaba ari ingenzi mu gutwara container mu buryo bunini kandi bwihuse mu byambu bigezweho. Cranes za rubber - zinaniwe zo ku cyambu, ku rundi ruhande, zikora neza mu mirimo yo mu busitani bwa container, zikoresha neza umwanya binyuze mu gutondeka no kugarura container neza. Cranes zireremba, hamwe n'imiterere yazo yihariye, ni ingenzi mu bikorwa mu bidukikije bigoye byo mu mazi, zitwara imizigo minini kandi iremereye, kandi zigatanga umusanzu mu mishinga minini y'ubwubatsi no kurokora.
Ubwo bwoko butandukanye bw'imiyoboro y'ibyambu bugize inkingi y'ibikorwa bya none by'ibyambu. Bukora mu buryo bwumvikana, buri imwe igira uruhare runini mu gutuma ibicuruzwa byinjira kandi bisohoka mu byambu birushaho kugenda neza.